Francis Fukuyama is convinced that liberalism is facing a serious threat in the modern world. Its meaning and value are no longer taken for granted. The author presents classical liberalism as a “big umbrella” that encompasses a number of political views that attach fundamental importance to equal rights, law, and freedom. Recently, however, liberalism has been challenged from different directions. In seemingly stable liberal democracies, it is liberal institutions that are under attack. In this context, Fukuyama mentions, for example, Viktor Orban in Hungary, Jaroslaw Kaczynski in Poland, Jair Bolsonaro in Brazil, Recep Tayyip Erdogan in Turkey, and Donald Trump in the United States. These political leaders have used their electoral mandates to weaken the courts and justice, the non-partisan bureaucracy, and the system of checks and balances.

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